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L-Tyrosine (Tyr/Y)  
 
Phenylalanine
⌊ L-phenylalanine
⌊ DL-phenylalanine
⌊ D-phenylalanine
Essential Amino Acids
⌊ Branched-Chain Amino Acids
⌊ Essential Sulfur Amino Acids
⌊ L-Tryptophan (Trp/W)
⌊ L-Histidine (His/H)
⌊ Threonine (L-Threonine)
See Also ↔
  Phenylalanine
  Phenylalanine
See Also ↔
 
 

Phenylalanine and derivatives

 
“Phenylalanine and Phenylalanine derivatives”  [Phe or F] 
L-Phenylalanine

Phenylalanines

    In organic chemistry,Phenylalanines are organic compounds in the organic acids superclass in the carboxylic acids and carboxylic acid derivatives class in the amino acids, peptides, and analogues subclass, containing an alpha amino acid derivative, resulting from reaction of phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.

Phenylalanine

    In biochemistry, the aromatic amino acid Phenylalanine is classified as nonpolar because of the benzyl side chain's hydrophobic nature, an electrically neutral amino acid, and as one of the twenty common amino acids used to biochemically form proteins, coded for by DNA, with the molecular formula C9H11NO2.

In our body, Phenylalanine, an essential amino acid, when in the L-form is required by the thyroid for normal function, thought to control appetite, and act as an anti-depressant by improving moods. May enhance the ability to learn and the retention of memory. Produces neurotransmitters that the brain uses to manufacture norepinephrine (noradrenaline), a natural stimulant that creates a sense of well being.

In our body, Phenylalanine is involved in the production of phenylethylamine, a brain stimulant. Being used by many today as an appetite suppressant in obesity. A precursor to norepinephrine (the brain's version of adrenaline) and dopamine in the brain.

Phenylalanine and derivatives

    In protein science, Phenylalanine, occurs in the two chemical forms: l-phenylalanine, and its mirror image, d-phenylalanine, or as the dipeptide dl-phenylalanine a combination of the two rotations.

Examples of phenylalanine and derivatives include: *
[70132]
“L-Phenylalanine (Phe/F)”  

L-phenylalanine

    In protein science, L-Phenylalanine (Phe/F) is a levorotation form of phenylalanine (Phe/F), an essential aromatic proteinogenic amino acid and a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin (norepinephrine), and thyroxin.
[71007]
“D-Phenylalanine”  

D-phenylalanine

    In protein science, D-Phenylalanine is a dextrorotation form of the amino acid phenylalanine.
[72907]
“DL-Phenylalanine”  

DL-phenylalanine

    In protein science, DL-Phenylalanine is a dipeptide amino acid of the dextrorotational D-Phenylalanine and the levorotational L-Phenylalanine of the phenylalanine.
    In our body, DL-Phenylalanine, form is an important foundation for all other amino acids, functions very similar to the L-phenylalanine, but has been found effective when used as a pain reliever. Helpful after an allergic reaction, cold or flu to restore sense of well-being. Promotes relief from symptoms that may interfere with normal sleep
[73007]
“L-Tyrosine (Tyr/Y)”  
Aminos

Tyrosine

    In our body, the amino acid Tyrosine (TYR or Y) is an aromatic a non-essential proteinogenic amino acid, coded codons UAC and UAU, derived from phenylalanine by hydroxylation in the para position.

Tyrosine's Codons

    In our body's brain, Tyrosine (Tyr) functions as precursors (substrate) for the catecholamines [dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine.
    Examples of some tyrosine compounds include the:
  • betalains
  • Dihydroxyphenylalanine
    • Cysteinyldopa
    • Levodopa
    • Methyldopa
  • Diiodotyrosine
  • Melanins
  • Methyltyrosines
    • Methyltyrosines
      • alpha-Methyltyrosine
  • Monoiodotyrosine
  • Phosphotyrosine
[70109]
“Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)”  

Dihydroxyphenylalanine

    In protein science, Dihydroxyphenylalanine is a beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine, with the molecular formula of (C9H11NO4).
    Dihydroxyphenylalanine may refer to either of two compounds: the neurotransmitter precursor L-DOPA as (S)-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine a physiologically active substance, and the biologically inactive substance D-DOPA as (R)-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine.
[71095]
“3-Hydroxykynurenine (3hKyn)”  

3-Hydroxykynurenine

    In our body's Eyes, 3-Hydroxykynurenine (3hKyn) is a metabolite of tryptophan, which filters UV light in the Lens of the Eye (Eye Lens).
[350707]

References:

Williams RA.   et al "Phenylketonuria: an inborn error of phenylalanine metabolism"   Clin Biochem Rev. 2008 Feb;29(1):31-41
Wade DT.   et al "A randomised placebo controlled exploratory study of vitamin B-12, lofepramine, and L-phenylalanine (the "Cari Loder regime") in the treatment of multiple sclerosis"   J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Sep;73(3):246-9
  Halpern LM.   et al "D-phenylalanine: a putative enkephalinase inhibitor studied in a primate acute pain model"   Pain. 1986 Feb;24(2):223-37  
Wade DT.   et al "A randomised placebo controlled exploratory study of vitamin B-12, lofepramine, and L-phenylalanine (the "Cari Loder regime") in the treatment of multiple sclerosis"   J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Sep;73(3):246-9
  Beckmann H.   et al "Dl-phenylalanine in depressed patients: an open study"   J Neural Transm. 1977;41(2-3):123-34  
Fernstrom JD1.   et al "Tyrosine, phenylalanine, and catecholamine synthesis and function in the brain"   J Nutr. 2007 Jun;137(6 Suppl 1):1539S-1547S
Malina HZ.   et al "Deamination of 3-hydroxykynurenine in bovine lenses: a possible mechanism of cataract formation in general"   Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1995 Jan;233(1):38-44
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