“Cervical Region (Neck Region)”  

Neck

    In our body, the Cervical Region (Neck Region), commonly known as the Neck, is the part of the upper body including the neck, anterior throat region and posterior cervical region of the back, that distinguishes the head from our trunk (torso).

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“Oral Cavity”  

Mouth

    In our body, the Mouth (entry to the Oral Cavity), a voluntary sphincter, as the first part of the digestive tract of the stomatognathic system (masticatory system) is adapted to receive food by ingestion, breaking it into small particles by mastication (chewing), and mix it with saliva.
    In our body, the Cheeks, Lips (Labia oris), and Palate form the boundaries of the Mouth, the oral cavity possesses both hard (teeth) and soft (mucosa) tissues (i.e. tongue) and receives the secretions from the nasal cavities and salivary glands.
    Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and oral cavity related structures of the oral cavity aka cavity of mouth include:

Oral orifice Oral cavity proper Vestibule of mouth Dentition + Lips + Mouth Floor Mouth Mucosa Palate + Salivary Glands + Tongue +

subdivisions of the oral cavity Oral cavity proper Oropharyngeal isthmus Vestibule of mouth Fauces Buccal part of vestibule of mouth Buccal sulcus Labial part of vestibule of mouth Labial sulcus Interdental space Maxillary part of vestibule of mouth Mandibular part of vestibule of mouth

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“Nose Region & Nasal Cavity”  

Nose Region (Nasal Region)

    In and on our body's head, the Nasal Region (Nose Region), featuring both the external nose as the organ protruding from the face which houses the nostrils that admits and expels air for respiration in conjunction with the oral cavity, and the nasal cavities, situated behind the external nose where resides the olfactory mucosa and sinuses, in which air passes through to the pharynx.

    In and on our body's head, the Nasal Region (Nose Region) functions are shared between both the digestive system, and the lower respiratory system.

The nose wrinkle is one of the facial expressions of the nose region associated with either irritating or offensive smells and, to some extent, bad tastes.
   

Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and related entities of the nasal region include:
Spheno-ethmoidal recess Cavity proper of internal nose Cavity of internal nose Nasal meatus Atrium of middle nasal meatus	Posterosuperior part of nasal cavity Posterosuperior part proper of nasal cavity Nasal vestibule Nasal vestibule proper External naris Main nasal cavity

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“Ear (Organ of Hearing)”  

Ear

    In our body, the Ear (Organ of Hearing), is the anatomical organ that detects sound for our sense of hearing (audition), which acts as a receiver for sound, and plays additional major roles in both the sense of balance and in body position.
    In our body, the Ear, is part of the Auditory System, may be divided into three parts; the external ears (outer ears), the middle ear (tympanic cavity), and the labyrinth (inner ear).

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“Teeth”  

    In our body's mouth (oral cavity), Teeth are part of the Skeletal System not counted as bones. Each tooth may be described as a nonshedding hard surface, made of enamel and dentin that offers many different sites for bacteria colonization both below (subgingival) and above (supragingival) the gingival margin.

In our body's mouth (oral cavity), Teeth are part of the Digestive System as an Accessory Organ along with the tongue, liver and pancreas.
    In our body's mouth (oral cavity), there are 32 Teeth in a complete permanent (secondary) set, grouped as the bicuspid teeth, cuspid teeth, incisor teeth and the molars (which include the wisdom teeth).

The shape of each Tooth type corresponds to the way it handles food.

In our body, a complete set of deciduous (primary) Teeth (Tooth) contains 20 Teeth.

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“Brain (Encephalon)”  

Brain

    In our body's head, the Brain, the most anterior, most highly developed portion of our central nervous system (CNS) is contained within the neurocranium (cranial vault).
    In our body's head, the Brain is divided into three basic parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem.

    In our body's Brain, as a neural structure located in the head, differs from a ganglion by the following characteristics; a brain subserves the entire body, not just restricted segments, it has functionally specialized parts, it is bilobar, commissures and neurons form the surface with axons in the central core, interneurons are more numerous than primary motor or primary sensory neurons, and it has multisynaptics rather than predominately monosynaptic circuits.

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“Tongue (lingua)”  

Tongue

    In our body, the Tongue, mainly made up of muscles covered with a mucus membrane, covering the upper surface are small bumps (papillae) that provide friction and contain the taste buds.

Tongue Functions

    In our body's mouth (oral cavity), the Tongue manipulates food in the mouth which helps chewing and swallowing, and is useful in vocalization.

In our body's mouth, the Tongue, as the primary organ of taste, with much of the upper surface of the tongue is covered in both papillae and taste buds.

In our body, the Tongue is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels. In our body, the Tongue a secondary function of the tongue is phonetic articulation. The tongue also serves as a natural means of cleaning one's teeth.
    Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and related entities of tongue include:

Anterior part of tongue (Oral part of tongue) taste buds (fungiform papillae)

Posterior part of tongue frenulum of the tongue

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“Facial Region (Face Region)”  

Face

    On our body's anterior portion head, the Facial Region (Face) is a central sense organ complex, encompasses the lower half on the anterior surface of the head, including: eyebrows, eyelashes, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks (bucca), mouth (oral cavity), lips (labia oris), philtrum, teeth, skin, chin, and may also include the forehead and hair.

Facial Functions

    On our body's head, the Face has uses of expression, appearance, and identity amongst others, including the use of different senses like olfaction, taste, hearing, and vision.
    Examples of subsets, concepts, subjects and related entities of regional parts of the face as a subdivision of head include:

regional parts ocular region Left eye Right eye nasal region Nose Oral region (Oral part of face) mouth external part of mouth Internal part of mouth

Eyelid complex Peri-orbital region of face Midface Subdivision of mouth Eyelid External nose Nose Mouth Eye Nasomaxillary part of face Region of eyelid Lateral half of nose Eyebrow region Perinasal region of lateral half of face Side of face Subdivision of external nose Lateral half of face Anterior region of face

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“Scalp”  

    On our body's head, the Scalp, the outer covering of the calvaria, is the anatomical area bordered by the face anteriorly and the neck to the sides and posteriorly.
    On our body's head, the Scalp is composed of several layers: (1) skin, (2) subcutaneous fat, (3) galea aponeurotica, (4) loose areolar tissue, and (5) pericranium. The scalp integument is the thickest skin in the body.

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“Larynx (Voice Box)”  

Larynx

    In our adult body's neck, the Larynx (Voice Box) is a hollow cartilaginous skeletal structure with intricate neuromuscular control for voice (vocalization) production, located in the anterior neck at the level of the C3-C6 vertebrae, superior to and at the beginning of the trachea (windpipe), inferior to both the tongue and suspended from the hyoid, and connects the inferior part of the pharynx (hypopharynx) with the trachea.

Laryngeal Structure

    Examples of larynx subsets, subjects, concepts, processes and related entities in our body include:

• extends vertically from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
• the skeleton of the Larynx consists of nine laryngeal cartilages
• the interior can be divided in supraglottis, glottis and subglottis
• laryngeal joints (laryngeal articulations)
  • Cricothyroid joint
  • Crico-arytenoid joint (cricoarytenoid joint)

Vocal Folds

    The vocal cords (vocal ligaments) extend across the Larynx opening.

In our body's neck, the Larynx (Voice Box) houses the vocal folds, which are an essential component of phonation.

The vocal folds are situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus.

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“Pharynx (Pharynges)”  

Pharynx (Throat)

    In our body, the Pharynx (Pharynges) is the part of the throat situated immediately posterior to (behind) the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea.

Pharynx anatomic sections

    In our body, the pharynx is divided into three distinct anatomic sections: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and the most inferior part the hypopharynx (laryngopharynx).

Pharynx Functions

    In our body, the Pharynx, part of both the digestive system and the respiratory system and is important in vocalization.

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“Salivary Glands”  

    In our body's mouth (oral cavity), the Salivary Glands are exocrine glands, glands with ducts, that produce saliva (salivary juice). The salivary glands secrete the enzyme amylase.
    In our body, the Salivary Glands consist of three pairs of major glands: #1 sublingual glands, #2 submandibular glands, #3 parotid gland and hundreds of smaller minor salivary glands that secrete salivary juices into the mouth (oral cavity), which gets mixed with food during mastication (chewing).
    The salivary glands and related structures include:

• salivary ducts
• parotid glands
• minor salivary glands
• sublingual glands
• submandibular glands
• von ebner glands

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“Orbits (Eye Sockets)”  

Eye Sockets (Orbits)

    On each side of our body's head, the Orbit (Eye Socket) is a facial bone cavity (socket) of the skull, in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" may refer to the bony socket.
    In our body, the Orbits are conical or four-sided pyramidal cavities, which open into the midline of the face and point back into the head, each orbit consists of a base, an apex and four walls.

Seven Bones of the Bony Orbit's

    In our body, each Orbit is made up of have 7 bones; the frontal bone, maxilla bone, zygomatic bone (these three form the orbital margin), ethmoid bone, lacrimal bone, sphenoid bone, and the palatine bone.

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“Meninges (Brain and Spinal Cord Membranes)”  

Meninx of the Brain and Spinal Cord

    In our body's central nervous system surrounding the brain and spinal cord, the Meninges are a triple layered membrane system consisting of thin protective membranous coverings of connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord, within the dorsal cavity it suspends the brain within the skull (cranium) preventing the brain from pressing against the skull's inner surface.

Meninges

    In our body's head and the spinal cord, the Meninges is a laminated, or layered, structure that covers and protects the brain and the spinal cord. The outermost layer is the fibrous membrane dura mater, the middle layer, arachnoid (arachnoid mater) secures the dura to the innermost layer, the pia mater.

Three Brain Membranes

    In our body's head, the brain swims in three membranes. The first outer layer of the brain is the Dura Mater. The next layer is the Arachnoid Membrane , called the arachnoid because of it's spider web appearance where cereal spinal fluid flows (the blood of the brain that is basically protein) so neurons can flow from the brain to the spinal cord which also gets blood into the brain through the sub arachnoid space as well as paths to cranial nerves. The Pia Mater is the root of the nervous system, which supplies the brain with blood and connects via the arachnoid trabecula.

In our body, the Meninges, as a membrane system, lines the insides of the bones protecting both the brain and spinal cord from physical impact, with a protective padding and containment of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in which the central nervous system floats.

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“Thyroid Gland”  

Thyroid

    In our body's neck, the Thyroid Gland, located inferior to (below) the thyroid cartilage (adam's apple) and at approximately the same level as the cricoid cartilage, is a small (weighing less than one ounce), butterfly-shaped endocrine gland consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus, situated at the front and sides of the neck, anterior to the trachea, just inferior to the larynx, and behind the sternohyoid and thyrohyoid muscles.

Thyroid Hormones

    In our body's neck, the Thyroid Gland is a highly vascular organ, deriving its blood from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and produces hormones that stimulate body heat production, bone growth, and the body's metabolism

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“Parathyroid Glands (Parathyroids)”  

Parathyroids (Parathyroid Glands)

    In our body's neck, the Parathyroid Glands (Parathyroids), are two pairs (four) of small endocrine glands (ductless glands), usually located behind the thyroid gland, but in rare cases, within the thyroid gland or in the chest.

In our body's neck, the Parathyroid Glands are four small masses of epithelial tissue embedded in the connective tissue capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid glands. The Parathyroid Glands secrete the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH, parathormone).

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

    In our body's neck, the Parathyroid Glands secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH, parathormone).

In our body, the Parathyroid Hormone is the most important regulator of blood calcium (Ca) levels. The hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels, and its effect is to increase those levels.

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